They act through:
- Tyrosinase Inhibition
- Inhibitors of Inflammation-induced Melanogenic Response
- Peroxidase inhibition
- Product Reduction and ROS (Radical Oxygen Scavengers)
Tyrosinase inhibition
- hydroquinone
- 4-hydroxyanisole
- 4-S-CAP and derivatives
- Arbutin
- Aloesin
- Azelaic Acid
- Kojic Acid
- Ellagic Acid
- Resveratrol
- Oxyeresveratrol
- Licorice Extract
- Lactic Acid
Inhibitors of Inflammation Induced Melanogenic Response
- Chamomille
- Corticosteroids
- Gliabridin
- Tranexamic Acid
Peroxidase inhibition
- Phenol/Catechols
- Methimazole
- Green Tea
- Topical Indomethacin
Product Reduction and ROS (Radical Oxygen Scavengers)
- Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
- a-Lipoic Acid
- a-Tocopherol
- Pycnogenol
Source of information: Handog E. Brown Spots: Melasma Updates.2012 (02) – 20th Regional Conference of Dermatology (RCD) – Manila, Phillipines
Source of information: here